Russian scientists have established that glaciations, which occurred repeatedly in the Pleistocene, significantly affected the modern ranges of freshwater daphnia. These crustaceans colonized the waters where they can still be found today from a small number of lakes in Beringia, the land bridge between Eurasia and North America. The data obtained will help in the development of a complete biogeographic zoning of Northern Eurasia. The results of the study, supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (RSF), are published in the journal Water. Cladocerans of the genus Daphnia are one of the most common planktonic organisms in fresh water. They play an important role in ecosystems, in particular, many species of fish feed on them. Daphnia are widespread in many climatic zones, but due to the harsh climate, their diversity in the Arctic and subarctic regions is significantly reduced. At the same time, in the course of the historical development of the Earth, there were several periods of freezing, when the temperatures on its surface were much lower than now. This greatly affected the habitats of living organisms, including crustaceans. For example, during the Pleistocene glaciations, many representatives of the Daphnia genus inhabited the Bering region, including Beringia itself, a wide land bridge connecting Eurasia and North America.

For many years, IEE RAS has been successfully cooperating with the Kronotsky State Biosphere Reserve, which is included in the UNESCO list of natural sites. The result of cooperation was numerous publications in Russian and foreign editions, dissertations being prepared for defense. In the course of joint work, good business and warm friendly relations have developed between the employees of the Institute and the Reserve. In 2022, the teams of both organizations planned a major expedition to study Lake Kronotskoye, a unique reservoir, the cradle of the richest sympatric salmon complex on the planet in terms of the number of forms. IEE RAS announces with great regret that the work planned for this year, apparently, will not take place, since from July 19, 2022, the reserve is forced to suspend research activities on its territory. The decision of the reserve is connected with the detention of key employees of the organization, accused of embezzlement of funds allocated from the state budget, by the verdict of the city court of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. According to the opinion of the staff of the reserve and the materials presented on the website of the reserve http://kronokiochistka.wildnet.ru/, numerous violations were committed during the proceedings and the actual materials and eyewitness accounts proving the innocence of the convicted employees were not taken into account. In protest, the director of the reserve and a number of his other employees wrote letters of resignation of their own free will, which led to the suspension of all scientific and excursion work on the territory of the reserve.

The researchers analyzed the running movements of the smallest gliding mammal on Earth, the pygmy gliding possum (Acrobates pygmaeus). The specialists of the A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS (IEE RAS) tested the hypothesis that the smaller the animal, the easier it is for it to master gliding. To do this, they filmed the runs of animals on a wide flat horizontal surface in a spacious enclosure. As a result, data were obtained that can be compared with typical land mammals. In animals, the sequence of setting the legs (gait), speed-time characteristics of running and kinematics (movement in space of individual parts of the body) were studied. When analyzing footage, the researchers found that feathertail gliders use typical mammalian gaits. It is interesting, however, that all types of gaits used were only asymmetrical, i.e. gallop-like. Despite the fact that it is known from the literature that these pygmy gliders use symmetrical gaits on tree branches (similarly to, for example, the lynx and amble), these gaits were not registered in the experiments of Moscow scientists. As a result, a hypothesis was put forward that these pygmy gliders switch to gallop-like gaits if the width of the support along which they move allows them to put their paws at natural width without narrowing their stride.

Scientists have described the species composition of microorganisms in the intestines of the larvae of the emerald ash borer. This insect, native to Asia, is now actively spreading in Europe and North America and destroying ash trees, so it is important to control its population. This, in particular, can be helped by representatives of the intestinal microbiome, since among them the authors found parasitic bacteria potentially dangerous for the beetle. The results of the study, supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (RSF), are published in the journal Forests. The spread of invasive species is an acute problem of modern ecology: the lack of adaptability of local organisms to invaders leads to significant damage to the ecosystem. Thus, the narrow-bodied ash emerald borer, which historically inhabited the territory of Korea, China, Japan and the Far East, at the beginning of the 21st century spread to North America and the European part of Russia. Its larvae damage the conductive system of ash trees, preventing the flow of nutrients from leaves to roots, and can also be potentially harmful to olive trees. The introduction of the borer into North America and Europe led to catastrophic consequences: hundreds of millions of trees died. This beetle is included in the list of the 20 most dangerous quarantine pests for the European Union and is actively studied by experts around the world.

On Saturday, July 16, three Caucasian leopards were released into the wild in the Central Caucasus. A male and two females begin to develop the Turmonsky reserve in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. In the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, the third release of leopards, commonly referred to as Caucasian panthers, has been implemented. In 2018, the first pair of leopards, a male Elbrus and a female Volna, were released into the wild in the Alania National Park, and in 2020, a second pair was released in the Turmon Reserve - a male Baksan (Batraz) and a female Aguru (Agunda). On July 16, 2022, a male Leo and two females, Khosta and Laura, were released in the same location.

Scientists working on the Shantar Islands on a project to study bowhead whales of the Sea of ​​​​Okhotsk population, during observations, observed a female bowhead whale, which passed Wrangel Bay with a calf. In the video, which was filmed with the help of a drone, it can be seen that the whale is still very small, this year of birth. He keeps close to his mother and is not yet able to live independently. Previously, scientists have met young individuals - calves up to a year old and slightly older - in Ulbansky Bay, where whales come to feed and rest. Animals come to Wrangel Bay for socialization and recreation, and also hide in shallow water from the attack of killer whales, which are natural enemies for whales of this population. Observing a female with a calf is a great success, because it is still not known for certain where and when the bowhead whales of the Okhotsk Sea population give birth. At the same time, this fact suggests that even more attention should be paid to the problem of the coexistence of whales from a rare population and humans: there is a tourist base in Wrangel Bay where travelers who want to watch whales stop. During the season (from July to September), the number of tourists can reach 300 people. The project for the conservation and study of the smallest population of the bowhead whale is carried out by the A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS in cooperation with the World Fund for Nature. Source materials:

A large-scale experiment to assess the impact of coral bleaching on ​​the composition of fauna living inside coral colonies has begun at the Dambay Marine Research Station of the Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Center (Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam). At a depth of 4 m, carrier frames were installed, on which 400 fragments of Pocillopora coral colonies were planted (Fig. 1-3). During the year, with the help of thermal sensors and photographic recording, observations will be made of the dynamics of water temperature and changes in the color of corals. To control the composition of the fauna, 30 coral colonies will be selected monthly. It is known that when the water temperature rises above 30ᵒС, corals begin to eject intracellular symbionts - zooxanthellae algae, due to which a brightly colored coral loses its appeal and turns from bright green, purple or brown to white. The effect is known as bleaching. Single-celled zooxanthellae are the main food source for hard corals. If the algae disappear or become scarce, the coral starves and produces less slime. And mucus is the main source of food for specialized symbionts - crabs, shrimps, polychaetes and fish, so it is not only the coral that is starving, but also its inhabitants.

During the implementation of the program "Study of the Amur tiger in the Far East of Russia" within the framework of the "Permanent Expedition of the Russian Academy of Sciences to study the animals of the Red Book of the Russian Federation and other especially important animals of the fauna of Russia", the staff of IEE RAS carried out work in the Ussuriysky Reserve (NP "Land of the Leopard") in the south of Primorsky Krai. At the end of April 2022, camera traps that had been set up in the forest three months ago were taken down to collect footage. Data from 70 camera traps have been obtained, which will allow the Institute staff to estimate the number of tigers living in the reserve, their population density, and the abundance of their potential prey. This was the first count after the decline in the number of wild boar (the main prey of the tiger) as a result of the epizootic of African swine fever. And it was all the more joyful to note that tigers are not only present on the territory of the reserve, but, apparently, there will be more of them by the summer. The IEE RAS staff obtained unique footage of the courtship of a pair of tigers in late February, which allows us to expect the birth of offspring as early as early June 2022. We hope that next winter they will become the heroes of our photo reports.

The project “Assessing the state of key habitats and developing recommendations for improving conservation measures for stone char, an endangered endemic of the Kamchatka River”, launched in 2021, reached a new level this spring. At the beginning of the new season, its participants - employees of the Kronotsky Reserve and the A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution Problem of the Russian Academy of Sciences - assessed the research sites on a snowmobile. During the expedition, water and soil samples will be collected for the subsequent determination of the organic composition. This will allow us to trace the dynamics of the composition of water in known spawning grounds of the fish. The scientists also plan to determine the number of juveniles wintering in the spawning ground and assess the food supply available for fish during the snowy period.

Photo by Svetlana Gorbatykh In December last year, employees of the Biological Resources Protection Service of the YNAO released 15 musk oxen into their natural habitat. Now scientists from the A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS (IEE RAS) arrived on site. For the first time, three released animals were fitted with special collars with a GPS sensor. With their help, the movements of the musk oxen will be tracked, as well as the seasonal habitats of animals and their migration routes. "Tagging of animals for observation and study of them has been used for more than 100 years, this allows us to assess the characteristics of the migration of a tagged individual. This work is important because the study of musk oxen is one of the most important tasks in the conservation of unique animal species," said Candidate of Biological Sciences, Senior Researcher Taras Sipko, researcher at IEE RAS.   Photo by Svetlana Gorbatykh Specialists of the A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS plan to continue studying the current state of the musk ox in the Ural region. The second phase of the study will begin in the summer-autumn period. The work includes genetic research and a total aerial survey of animals on the territory of the autonomous region and the adjacent mountainous part of the Komi Republic. Recall that at the end of 2021, the second release of musk oxen took place from the Gornokhadatinsky section of the Polar Urals Natural Park. In 2016, 65 individuals were released into the wild.

Optical microscopy image of Chydorus sphaericus taken by Alexey Kotov Russian scientists have discovered that microscopic crustaceans of the genus Chydorus, common in fresh water bodies of southern Australia, arrived there from the Northern Hemisphere. Biologists associated such an amazing expansion of the range with bird migrations and human activities. The discovery forces us to rethink the scale of the "travel" of microscopic animals. The study was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (RSF) and published in the journal Water. The ranges of many species of animals and plants on Earth are quite dynamic. At the same time, when developing new territories, living organisms are included in food webs and, since native species may not withstand competition, they are able to modify local ecosystems. For invertebrates, in particular microscopic crustaceans, such an expansion of the range has become common due to the intensity of human economic activity, which unintentionally moves resting eggs over considerable distances. Scientists from the A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow), together with colleagues from foreign countries, studied cladocerans of the genus Chydorus and found that all their populations in Australia appeared as a result of a drift from the Northern Hemisphere.

Observations of changes in the abundance of one group of insects tell very little about how other insect species behave, even in the same ecosystem. Different groups of insects may show similar trends in one location, but different trends in other locations. These are the results of a new meta-analysis of years of insect data from more than 900 localities around the world. The study, published in Biology Letters, was conducted by a team of researchers from the German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, the Helmholtz Center for Ecological Research and the A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS. It highlights the importance of monitoring multiple species simultaneously to provide guidelines for insect conservation policy. Insect declines became the subject of global debate in 2017 when scientists reported a loss of three-quarters of the biomass of flying insects from West German nature reserves in 30 years, showing a trend of general decrease in insect biomass around the world. Since then, many studies have appeared from around the world, often showing significant declines in numbers, giving rise to hundreds of popular papers on the problem of insect decline.

Russian scientists have developed a new set of primers for DNA identification of non-native fish species in the Volga-Kama basin. Using these primers, they traced the genetic variability in 31 fish species and compiled a reference library containing marker sequences of the region's invaders. Under natural conditions, the dispersal of animals is limited by their radius of individual activity, and for most species this radius is relatively small. Hydrobionts use waterways for settlement. Human activity strongly influences the movement of aquatic organisms, contributing to biological invasions. A team of scientists from the Institute of Inland Water Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Ecology and Evolution Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences have optimized a method for identifying alien fish species in the Volga and Kama rivers. Work published in Water. The Volga River was involved in a colossal hydro-construction program. There are nine large reservoirs on the Volga. Kama suffered less - there are only three large reservoirs on it. This is naturally reflected in the share of alien species: at present, the share of alien fish species in the Volga reservoirs ranges from 8% to 32%, for the Kama reservoirs it is 2–16%. Alien species can upset the balance of an ecosystem, so one of the key tasks in monitoring biological invasions is the rapid and accurate identification of the invader. DNA identification methods are best suited for solving this problem.

For fish from lakes of high latitudes, the formation of pairs of sympatric forms is characteristic, which separate the resources of the bottom and the water column. The fish begin to feed on pelagic plankton (its consumers) or benthic invertebrates, form a specific adaptive morphology, and disperse according to spawning sites (terms). As a result, reproductive isolation rapidly develops between sympatric forms, and inherited differences begin to accumulate. Similar pairs of nascent species have been found in abundance among salmon and whitefish from post-glacial lakes.

Scientists of the A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS (IEE RAS) and Moscow State University for the first time evaluated the role of arthropods falling from trees to the soil surface, finding out that they account for up to 7% of the flow of organic matter from the forest canopy. The data obtained will make it possible to better predict the stability of terrestrial ecosystems, the press service of the Ministry of Education and Science writes. The results of the study were published by the scientific journal Scientific Reports.  A significant part of the invertebrates living in the tree crowns, due to various reasons, falls on the soil surface. This phenomenon is called "arthropod rain". Fallen invertebrates are consumed by organisms living on the soil surface. Thus, the detrital, that is, located in the soil, the food web receives an additional source of energy. "According to the estimates obtained, in the forests of the temperate zone, up to 7% of the flow of organic matter from the forest canopy is "arthropod rain". And, apparently, this amount is enough to feed, for example, such a large group as spiders.<...> Thus, "arthropod rain" makes a significant contribution to maintaining the functional unity of soil food webs and maintains the diversity of soil inhabitants in forest ecosystems.

  A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS supervises a project to collect information about the vegetation of the Arctic region in an accessible database (AVA) - https://avarus.space. The purpose of the archive is to unify and standardize data collected by geobotanists. The initiative has been approved by the Working Group on the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna and the International Arctic Science Committee. At present, the Arctic Vegetation Archive contains about 30,000 geobotanical descriptions. Work on the Archive continues, the data is constantly updated. The main part of the data is descriptions of the vegetation of Alaska, Canada and Scandinavia, stored in regional databases. The archive and its individual parts are available for download via the web interface. To get the full functionality of the site, registration is required - https://avarus.space/ru/instructions/ Previously published data can be downloaded directly from the site, unpublished data - on the author’s permission. Technical support is provided by the Department of Computer Engineering at MIEM HSE. The implementation was supported by the RFBR grant N 18-04-01010 A. In the photo: the Gulf of Ob Author of the photo: Ksenia Ermokhina, Ph.D., senior researcher, V.N. Sukachev laboratory of biogeocenology of IEE RAS

Under the chairmanship of the Governor of the Astrakhan region Igor Babushkin, the expert community discussed the topic of preserving the population of the unique antelope that lives in the local steppes - the saiga. The event was organized with the support of the service of nature management and environmental protection of the region. — Increasing the level of environmental well-being is one of the priority areas for the development of the Astrakhan region. Among the most important tasks is the conservation of natural resources, including the saiga population. It is gratifying that the number of these Red Book animals in our region has been increasing over the past few years,” said Igor Babushkin, opening the round table. He thanked LUKOIL for supporting the saiga conservation program in Kalmykia and the Astrakhan region. It is provided as part of an agreement between the oil company and the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation: LUKOIL will allocate 30.5 million rubles to preserve the population of the relic antelope until 2024. This year, at the expense of the oil company, in particular, conditions for watering will be improved - water intake wells in the Stepnoy reserve have been cleared. In addition, using unmanned aerial vehicles, scientists will be able to assess the size and structure of the saiga population.

Preparations for the opening of the Joint Russian-Ethiopian Center for Biological Research in Ethiopia began thanks to the instructions of the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin, but so far the project has not passed into the stage of practical implementation. This was announced at a meeting of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences by the Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Laboratory of Ecology of Aquatic Communities and Invasions of the A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS Yuri Dgebuadze in the report “Russian biologists in Africa: the experience of the Russian-Ethiopian expedition of the RAS”. “The work has moved a little now, a package of documents has been prepared by the Academy, everything has been given to the ministry, but nothing has started yet, and funding has not been opened,” the head of the General Biology Section of the Biological Sciences Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences described the situation. He recalled that the idea of ​​organizing a new structure arose in 2017. It was assumed that the Joint Russian-Ethiopian Center for Biological Research (SRECBI) would be a new level of cooperation on the basis of the Joint Russian-Ethiopian Biological Expedition (JREBE), a long-term project of the Biological Sciences Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Ethiopia, which has been continuously operating for 35 years. The agreement on the work of the Expedition is periodically - usually every 5 years - renewed.