The site of the “Scientific Russia” project has published a large amount of material about Lake Glubokoe. The water column of the lakes is divided into epilimnion, metalimnion and hypolimnion (“limnos” - Greek for “lake”), that is, into the upper layer of the lake, middle and lower. The boundaries of the layers are determined depending on the temperature of the water. In summer, the epilimnion is usually warm, with the same temperature throughout the layer. Only in its lower part does it decrease slightly. The epilimnion temperature in the middle of summer reaches 20-25 degrees. In the lower part of the lake (in hypolimnion), the temperature is also even, but very cold, within 5-6 degrees. At times it can be slightly lower. In the middle part of the lake (metalimnion), the water temperature drops abruptly. In the upper part of this layer, it can be within 20 ° C (as in the epilimnion), and after 3-5 m - already 7-10 ° C, or even lower. So, for example, in Lake Glubokoe (Moscow region), the temperature drops from 20 degrees to 10 ° C. On the shore of this lake there is a biological station “Glubokoe Ozero” (“Lake Glubokoe”), which was founded in 1891. All this time, hydrobiological work has been carried out there. It belongs to the A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS. By the middle of the warm summer, the thickness of the epilimnion reaches 5-7 m, the metalimnion - 3-7 m or more, depending on the heating of the water. The hypolimnion at the end of summer starts from 7-10 m and extends to the maximum depth. Lake Glubokoe has a depth of 32 meters.

The instrument base of the South Valdai Ecological Observatory of the IEE RAS “Okovsky Les” has been updated. A new mobile gas analyzer Li-7810 (Li-Cor Inc.) was obtained, assembled and tested, which simultaneously measures the concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and water in the atmosphere. The kit also includes an automatic smart camera that independently opens, closes and purges, as well as makes the final calculation of greenhouse gas flows with parallel measurement of soil and air temperatures and recording GPS coordinates. The number of measurements, exposure time and other settings are set remotely using a smartphone. This measuring complex greatly expands the possibilities in terms of local measurements of greenhouse gas fluxes at the level of microforms and landscape facies on the territory of the observatory.

Scientists from the Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, together with colleagues, conducted a large-scale study of the smallest cladocerans belonging to the genus Alonella. A detailed study of these crustaceans has shown that many of their genetic lines exist all over the world, most likely as separate species. Studies of the diversity of these animals are pertinent since planktonic crustaceans are food for a very large number of commercial freshwater fish. The results of the work, supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation, are published in the scientific Internet portal PeerJ. Water bodies around the world are home to small, almost imperceptible planktonic crustaceans. Today there are more than 850 species of crustaceans, differing in habitat, feeding method, structure. On average, the body length of these animals ranges from 0.2 to 12 millimeters, depending on the species. Their tiny size complicates the work of scientists, so these crustaceans have been very poorly studied. However, research on animal diversity continues due to its importance - planktonic crustaceans are a food source to a very large number of commercial freshwater fish. Russian scientists from the Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow), who study cladocerans, have studied the smallest of them, representatives of the genus Alonella, for a long time. These crustaceans are found mainly in the Northern Hemisphere. Thanks to international cooperation, biologists have been able to conduct a large-scale study of samples from different countries, including Ethiopia, South Korea and Mongolia.

In North Ossetia, the Central Asian leopard Baksan (Batraz) has been found, the signals from the satellite collar having ceased transmission more than three months ago. On January 30, 2021, he was spotted near the road in the Koban Gorge and eyewitnesses managed to photograph him on a smartphone. Immediately after receiving the message, the monitoring group of zoologists went to the indicated area and, using highly sensitive devices, established contact with the satellite collar of the leopard Baksan. Baksan's collar stopped sending signals back on October 21, 2020, in connection with which there was a fear that the Red Book animal could have become a victim of poachers. Because of this hazard, a statement was sent to the internal affairs bodies of North Ossetia, but the police found no evidence of poaching.

At the beginning of December 2020, we received the first information about the stranding of the corpses of the Red Book Caspian seals on the Dagestan coast. Employees of the A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS (IEE RAS) who have been studying this species within the framework of the international Kazakh-Russian Program of Caspian Seal Research in the Northern Caspian Sea (2019-2023), have left for the areas of stranding after the first reports. On-site studies were organized jointly with the staff of the Caspian Institute of Biological Resources of the Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (PIBR DNC RAS) and a veterinarian of the Moskvarium Center for Oceanography and Marine Biology. Later, when the number of dead animals rose to the hundreds, employees of the All-Russian Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (VNIRO) joined the IEE RAS expedition, which contributed to the expansion of the range of work. For molecular-virological, toxicological, hormonal, genetic, histological and morphological studies, researchers from IEE RAS and a veterinarian of the Center for Oceanography and Marine Biology "Moskvarium" took samples of biological material from 13 dead seals. These were mainly adult females - five of them were pregnant. One of the animals showed signs of entangling, left over from being caught in the net.

The new FAO report "Current knowledge of soil biological diversity - state, changes and potentialities", in the creation of which the staff of the IEE RAS has taken part, is available for free download from the FAO website. In celebration of World Soil Day, established by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and celebrated on 5 December, the report "Current knowledge of soil biological diversity - state, changes and potentialities" was finalized and presented. To prepare it, hundreds of specialists from more than 100 countries of the world united their efforts for a comprehensive analysis of the state of biological diversity of soils, the stability of ecosystem functions performed by soil biota, the most tangible threats to the stability of soils and their biological diversity, as well as the prospects for further soil-ecological research. This work was coordinated by experts from FAO and the Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative (GSBI). Employees of the laboratory for studying the ecological functions of soils at the A.N.Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences co-authored this document from the Russian Federation. They took part in expert groups assessing the current state of soil biodiversity in the world, as well as studying threats to soil stability and functioning.

Specialists from the A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS (IEE RAS) for many years have been fruitfully cooperating with the staff of the Stepnoy Reserve located in the Limansky District of the Astrakhan Region, the information about the research can be found on the Institute's website. One of the areas of such joint work is related to the study and conservation of the saiga population in the North-Western Caspian region. On the territory of the Stepnoy Reserve, selected as a model site, for more than 15 years field data has been collected in a format developed by the Institute's staff, a comprehensive analysis of which made it possible to analyze the spatial distribution and ethological structure of this population, and also to establish that the main part of it throughout the year is kept within the Stepnoy Reserve and in the adjacent territories. The collected field materials, which are the basis for long-term monitoring, are extremely important for planning conservation measures aimed at the restoration of this saiga population both in the near future and in the long term. Previously, field data on the sightings of saigas and other animals, climatic indicators, any factors and phenomena that may affect the well-being of a small and completely isolated population of the North-Western Caspian Sea region were recorded by the staff of the Reserve in "paper forms" with their subsequent "transfer" to the electronic database, which significantly slowed down the process of preparing data for analysis.

The release of saigas into the wild from the Saigak nursery of the Astrakhansky state hunting property (ГООХ), carried out on December 4, 2020, is a multi-year project implemented as part of the regional project “Conservation of biological diversity and development of ecological tourism”, which is part of the federal project of the same name. At this stage, specialists from the A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS (IEE RAS), which, as already mentioned before (LINK), within the framework of the Russian-German project “ICARUS” IEE RAS collaborates with the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior (Germany) and the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, implementing the project “Protected Areas for Saigas”. Two weeks ago, the saigas specially prepared in the nursery for their release into the wild in the territory of the Stepnoy Reserve were equipped with ultra-light ear tags that do not disturb the animals and represent a new type of satellite transmitter. Within two weeks, the animals underwent adaptation in the "Saigak" nursery, and now three males, delivered to the territory of the "Stepnoy" reserve in special transport boxes, were now released into the wild.

In the fall of 2020, the Institute continued the study of the Caspian seal as part of the Russian-Kazakh Program for the Study of the Caspian Seal in the Northern Caspian Sea for 2019-2023 and, with the financial support of NCOC, conducted an autumn expedition. Field work in the northeastern part of the Caspian Sea (water area of the Republic of Kazakhstan) took place from October 31 to November 14, 2020. Employees of the A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS (IEE RAS) Maria Solovyova, Gleb Pilipenko, Dmitry Glazov, Natalia Shumeiko, as well as Kazakhstani colleagues - employees of the Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology of the Republic of Kazakhstan A.I. Kydyrmanov, K.O. Karamendin, E.T. Kasymbekov and employees of the Kazakhstan Agency of Applied Ecology (KAPE) RK F.V. Klimov, A.N. Mulyaev. The work was carried out from the research vessel "Alina", which on October 31 set sail from the port of Bautino and moved towards the north-eastern part of the Caspian Sea. Research vessel Alina While the vessel was sailing, the staff of the IPEE RAS carried out passing counts of the Caspian seal encounters. In good weather, 1-2 observers stood on the upper deck all daylight hours and recorded all encounters of seals. Although few animals were encountered, some were photographed.

The study was conducted jointly with American colleagues from the State University of New York at Buffalo. Members of the Scapholeberinae subfamily of the Daphniidae family were studied using genetic and morphological methods. Based on the results of the work, a species new to scientific study was identified, named after the outstanding researcher of cladocerans N.N. Smirnov - Scapholeberis smirnovi. Cladocerans ("water fleas") are one of the most common microscopic (most are 0.5-5 mm in size) animals of continental water bodies. They are traditional model objects for biologists of various specialties. It is on their example that the biogeography of freshwater fauna is currently being formed. If the biogeography of terrestrial and marine animals is relatively well studied, the biogeography of the inhabitants of continental water bodies is in its formative stage. Most scientific research on cladocerans has previously been focused on Daphnia, a planktonic crustacean belonging to the large Daphniidae family. At the same time, there are their closest relatives who lead a completely different way of life, attaching themselves from below to the surface film of water, although they are able to swim in water like daphnia. The group of organisms that are associated with the surface film of water is called a "neuston". Scientists of IEE RAS, together with their American colleagues from the State University of New York at Buffalo, studied the members of the Scapholeberinae subfamily of the Daphniidae family, as well as extremely common inhabitants of continental reservoirs of different latitudes using genetic and morphological methods, and an article on the results of these works was published in the journal PeerJ.

 

The K.I. Scriabin award of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2020 was presented to Doctor of Biological Sciences Terenina Nadezhda Borisovna (A.N.Severtsov Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences) for a series of scientific works "Neurotransmitters in helminths and neurobiological aspects of the relationship between the parasite and the host ". N.B. Terenina is one of the leading experts in the field of research in the neurophysiology of helminths. In the series of works submitted to the competition, she was the first to systematize fundamental analytical data on the presence, localization and content of neurotransmitters (biogenic amines, serotonin, etc.) in helminths of various taxonomic groups at different stages of their life cycle; providing information on the synthesis, metabolism, functional significance of neurotransmitters in parasitic flatworms and a comparative analysis of the morphofunctional organization of their nervous system. Data on the functional characteristics of neurotransmitter systems characteristic of parasitic worms, on neurochemical changes in organs and tissues of animals infested with helminths are presented in her work. The results of the author's many years of research are of great scientific and practical importance and make a significant contribution to the development of helminthology and parasitology in general. They are aimed at solving a fundamental scientific problem - the study of the mechanisms of the relationship between the parasite and the host, which is extremely important in the development of new effective antiparasitic drugs. Research by N.B. Terenina enriched biological science both in fundamental terms and in the field of applied research.

  The Russian Science Foundation (RSF) has decided to bring forth the information about the unknown heroes of science - laboratory animals that saved millions of human lives. All photos and videos presented in the section about fish were taken in the IEE RAS aquarium. The project combines photo, video and text materials and tells about eight animals that helped scientists make breakthroughs in science and medicine. The project was created jointly with the grant recipients of the Foundation, filming took place in real scientific laboratories. You can learn about it from the following link: https://animals.rscf.ru/ (in order to appreciate all the functions of the site, we recommend viewing it from a computer).

At the end of September, the next field season of the team of specialists on marine mammals of the Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the Sea of Okhotsk ended. The project for the study of the endangered Okhotsk population of the bowhead whale is headed by a researcher of the Institute, Ph.D. Olga Shpak, who has been researching cetacean populations in the Shantar region of the Sea of Okhotsk for over 10 years. This year the work is being carried out under a grant from the Ocean Park Conservation Fund Hong Kong (OPCFHK). In the field team of IEE RAS, wonderful people worked: a young scientist and photo-ID specialist Milena Morozova, paramotor pilot Alexander Bogdanov and his wife, pilot assistant and "Universal Helper" Alexandra Solovova, and professional drone operator Sergey Abarok. In addition to observing the behavior and distribution of whales, taking biopsies normally and replenishing the photo catalog, this time the team set itself ambitious tasks: to install satellite transmitters monitor the migratory routes and winter habitats of whales, and also to test a new way of taking biopsies - from a drone.

On October 26, 2020, the event took place in a series of events dedicated to the Year of Scientific and Technical Cooperation between China and Russia in the field of innovation. The seminar was devoted to the assessment of the suitability of habitats in the territory of the Lesser Khingan mountain range (Heilongjiang province, China) for the Amur tiger. The fifth meeting of the joint Russia-China Environmental Innovation and Research Center was successfully held via remote video communication in Harbin, China, and Moscow, Russia. More than 20 Chinese and Russian experts took part in the meeting, including Academician V.V. Rozhnov, Director of the Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS; A.V. Tiunov, deputy director of the Institute, Wu Yuehui, vice president of the Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences; Liu Zhizhong, Director of the International Cooperation Department, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences; Zeng Zhaoven, Director of the Institute of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences.

Within the Baikal seal research program, developed by the A.N.Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as well as a part of the Agreement on Scientific Cooperation between IEE RAS and VNIRO, from October 14 to October 22, an expedition was carried out for comprehensive research of the endemic seal of Lake Baikal. The base of the expedition was located in the village of Kurbulik, on the shore of the Svyatoy Nos Peninsula in the Chivyrkuisky Bay. We were delivered here by a car allocated by V.A. Peterfeld, director of the Baikal branch of VNIRO. Of the two settlements located in the bay, this one is the largest. In the past, the village was engaged in fishing, mainly of Baikal omul, which has become problematic to the decrease in its number. Approximately 30 people live permanently in the village, there is no electricity, and Baikal itself is used as a source of water. But in summer, life and business in these places flourish due to the number of tourists. The thermal springs of the Zmeyova Bay are located 13 km from Kurbulik, fishing and boat excursions are organized on the lake. The coastline of the peninsula is rich in small bays, where the water warms in summer. The location in the Chivyrkuisky Bay protects from the harsh Baikal winds - southwestern Kultuk, northeastern Barguzin, northeastern Sarma and southeastern Shelonnik.

As a result of analyzing the data from a specially installed matrix of camera traps in the Caucasian Reserve, unique shots of leopards in nature were obtained. The happiest news was receiving footage of a leopard named Kodor - says Alim Pkhitikov, senior researcher at the Institute of Ecology of Mountain Territories of RAS, a member of the leopard field monitoring group - after all, this confirms that he is alive, and throughout the period after his release he successfully hunted and adapted to the natural environment. Kodor’s tracking collar stopped working almost immediately, not even 10 days after release. All this time, absolutely nothing was known about him and about how he adapts to life in the wild, how he hunts – whether everything is alright with him. This is the only leopard out of the four released in 2020 about whom no information was received at all at the Center of Remote Methods for Monitoring Animals in Nature. Judging by the photographs, Kodor is faring well, has acquired a more athletic form, looks healthy, has no external damage. This is important and joyful news for all project participants. The camera also captured a female named Laba released with Kodor in the wild landscape. She is also in good shape and, judging by the photo, is adapting well to the conditions of the Caucasian Reserve.